Christian Apologist Essay Example for Free

Christian Apologist Essay Included in the 10 most influential Christians of the 20th century alongside Karl Barth, Pope John XXIII, Martin Luther King Jr, and Billy Graham, the Christian History magazine named him the atheist scholar who became an Anglican, an apologist, and a ‘patron saint’ of Christians everywhere. He was also dubbed as an â€Å"apostle to the skeptics† because he resolutely answered frequent objections individuals had when it came to accepting Christ as their Savior (christianodyssey. com). Born into a Protestant family in Ireland on November 29, 1898, C.   S. Lewis was the son of A. J. Lewis, a solicitor, and Flora Augusta, a promising mathematician. He bore a lonely and unhappy childhood. Especially crushed by the death of his mother due to cancer when he was nine years old, Lewis was left disheartened with God (christianodyssey. com). Lewis came to reject Christianity at an early age, becoming an affirmed atheist. He reasoned that Christian myths were mediocre and that the Christian god must be a sadist (about. com). Whilst being inquired about his religious view, C. S.  Lewis labeled the worship of Christ and the Christian faith as one mythology among many. (christianodyssey. com). Lewis was married to Helen Joy Davidman. She was a Jewish American with two children of her own. Davidman was good-natured and shared her husband’s joy in argument. Sadly, she died of cancer in 1960 (kirjasto. htm). After a prolonged period poor health and sporadic recovery, Lewis himself died on November 22, 1963 (christianodyssey. com). Fondly called Jack by his loved ones, Lewis was a well-known professor at both Oxford and Cambridge. Lewis’ 25 books on Christian topics include Mere Christianity (1952), The Problem of Pain (1940), Miracles (1947), The Screwtape Letters (1942), Surprised by Joy (1955) and The Great Divorce (1945). The Pilgrim’s Regress (1933) was about his own experience while on his way to conversion (christianodyssey. com). In The Problem of Pain (1940), it is asked, If God is good and all-powerful, why does he allow his creatures to suffer pain? Here, Lewis reasoned that the wrong choices people tend to make usually account for the suffering they are eventually faced (kirjasto. htm). Here we see that Lewis is trying to give rational answers to queries people have without completely basing it on blind faith. Critics usually look for an understanding based on the cause-and-effect principle. The Chronicles of Narnia has turned out to be the most lasting of Lewiss novels. It retells the story of the Creation, the fall and redemption of humanity and also includes other Christian themes in allegorical form. The portal to Narnia, a version of Paradise, is a wardrobe through which four sibling children enter this secondary world. In the first story the bad Witch is destroyed in a battle. The final books deal with Narnias beginning and end. In the last Armageddon story, with its death-and-resurrection theme, the struggle was between a king and the forces of evil (kirjasto. htm). We need to understand here that if readers can understand the mechanics of Narnia and how the plot of this story works with the inclusion of certain Christian themes, they can better understand Christian beliefs from a more objective point of view and accept it. The same point of view they read and understood The Chronicles of Narnia. Lewis presented the basic teachings of orthodox Christianity — teachings he labeled â€Å"mere Christianity† (inplainsite. rg). Lewis went on British radio between 1942 and 1944. His discussions during those years were on what he called mere Christianity, that is, the universal and most doctrinal beliefs of the faith. This very collection of radio talks were later tied together in one of Lewis’ most influential books, Mere Christianity (christianodyssey. com). Lewis’s project in this book was to defend â€Å"mere Christianity,† or the most essential basics of the Christian faith, against unbelievers. (leaderu. com) Lewis based his defense of Christianity on an argument from morality. The Moral Argument states that there is a universal â€Å"moral conscience† amongst all human beings. Everybody possesses an internal sense of moral obligation to realize the difference between right and wrong and choose to do what is right. Lewis ascertains that the existence of this common â€Å"moral conscience,† can only be the consequential result from the existence of a god who created all humans. (about. com). C. S. Lewis disputed for reason-based Christianity as opposed to faith-based Christianity. This is a questionable decision on Lewis’ part because conventional Christianity is indisputably faith-based. Lewis’ principal readers were supposed to be skeptics and atheists rather than current believers. Skeptics doubt for lack of reason and evidence; therefore, only reason and evidence is more likely to draw their reconsideration. In his book, Mere Christianity, Lewis writes: â€Å"I am not asking anyone to accept Christianity if his best reasoning tells him that the weight of the evidence is against it. † (about. com). One of Lewis’ most-often-quoted statements is from Mere Christianity, where he uses reason and logic to introduce three possibilities to us (often known as the Lewis trilemma). According to this trilemma, either Jesus really was God and intentionally lying, or was not God but reckoned himself to be (which would make him a lunatic). Mere Christianity goes on to say that the latter likelihood is not consistent with Jesus character and it is, therefore, most likely that he was being truthful A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic—on the level with a man who says he is a poached egg—or else he would be the devil of hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God: or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a demon; or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God. But let us not come with any patronizing nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to. - Mere Christianity (christianodyssey. com). As mentioned earlier in this paper, C. S. Lewis’ readings are mostly meant for critics and unbelievers of the Christian faith. It is not designed for Christians who have accepted Lord Jesus as their Savior because they do not need to be convinced through reason-based writings about Christianity. Lewis was very interested in presenting a reasonable case for the truth of Christianity. I chose C. S. Lewis for my Apologetics term paper because I had always known this personality as the author of my favorite books. Years later, I was overwhelmingly surprised the depth of these novels in correlation to Christian concepts of Creation, Paradise and Armageddon. The applications of Lewis’ teachings can be seen in his Christian writings. They all lean towards reason, approaching Christianity as a religion that has factual grounds in addition of those relying on faith. C. S. Lewis believed the best apology for Christianity was the life of a believer and the way we live our lives. Non-Christians are more likely to be attracted to Christianity through the non-verbal acts and conduct of our life. However he also believed in verbal apologetics. Lewis believed Christianity was rational but at the same time was ultra-rational, i. e. that it was supernatural and divine and went way beyond the limits and scope of rationality (thatimayknowhim. o. uk). Lewis even believed in theistic evolution. In The Problem of Pain he wrote, â€Å"If by saying that man rose from brutality you mean simply that man is physically descended from animals, I have no objections†¦. For long centuries God perfected the animal form which was to become the vehicle of humanity and the image of Himself. He gave it hands whose thumbs could be applied to each of its fingers, and jaws and teeth and the throat capable of articulation, and a brain sufficiently complex to execute all material motions whereby rational thought is incarnated. The creature may have existed for ages in this state before it became man†¦. We do not know how many of these creatures God made, nor how long they continued in the Paradisal state† – The Problem of Pain (svchapel. org) The uniqueness of Lewis’ writings is fairly obvious. In comparison to other apologists, Lewis appealed to the reader’s emotions and sense of imagination. He, therefore, wanted to write about the essence of Christianity by reflecting upon its poignant, visual and imaginative side in its rational coherence. He wanted for the reader to taste the beauty of the faith; to draw the reader into the magnificent story of God’s salvation, to submerge him/her into the universe of Christianity. Many Christians testified that they started to seek heaven only after reading Lewis’ works. The way he is able to depict heaven and the spiritual world enabled the reader to truly understand the gift of Heaven that awaits us (euroleadershipresources. org). It is from C. S. Lewis that we need to learn that the kind of language used to explore God and the content of Christian faith is a matter of epitome importance. The human language has the potential to mediate feelings and understanding on an extremely poignant level. If implemented correctly Christian apologists need to be excited for themselves because of the relationship they are in with God. This very excitement on such a personal level will only help them better to find the right words and literary expressions needed to present the Christian faith. In this way, thanks to C. S. Lewis, Apologetics will become an effective personal testimony of God’s salvation (euroleadershipresources. org).

The Man Who Walked Between the Towers Essay Example for Free

The Man Who Walked Between the Towers Essay Mordicai Gerstein was born November 24, 1935 in Los Angeles. He attended the Chouinard Institute of Art before moving to New York City where he lived and worked for twenty-five years making animated films for television. He tells on his official website, that he never thought to be something else but a painter, when he grows up (http://www. mordicaigerstein. com). To support his family, he designed and directed animated television commercials. In the mid 1960s he made some films of his own until 1970, when he met Elizabeth Levy, who asked him to illustrate for a children’s book she has written. Encouraged by her and other editors, he started to write his own books in 1980s. In 2004, he received the Caldecott medal for his book â€Å"The Man Who Walked Between the Towers. † Besides the Caldecott medal, he received numerous awards such as AJLA SidneyTaylor Award in 2005, Hornbook Award in 2004 and was chosen as the gold award winner of parents’ choice in 2002. His works include among others Sholom’s Treasure, What Charlie Heard, The Wild Boy, The Mountains of Tibet and many more. Mordicai Gerstein is also a painter, sculptor, and prize-winning designer and director of animated films. Mordicai Gerstein lives in western Massachusetts with his wife, Susan Yard Harris, who is also an illustrator, and their daughter, Risa (http://www. mordicaigerstein. com). The Man Who Walked Between the Towers Narrative Consideration In 2003, Roaring Brook Press published Gerstein’s children’s book â€Å"The Man Who Walked Between the Towers. this story opens, French aerialist Philippe Petit is dancing across a tightrope tied between two trees to the delight of the passersby in Lower Manhattan. Gerstein places him in the middle of a balancing act, framed by the two unfinished World Trade Center towers when the idea hits: He looked not at the towers, but at the space between them and thought, what a wonderful place to stretch a rope† (Gerstein, 2004, p. 4). The rising action takes place when Petit knew that the police and the owners of the towers would never allow him walk across the two towers. So he and his friends disguised as construction workers, carried a 440 pound reel of cable and other equipment on an August evening, causing the conflict in this story. After carrying everything up to the roof, Petit and his friends tied the line to an arrow and shot it from one tower to the other and tightened it. After the dawn he started to walk on the wire and the story has reached its climax. He was arrested and was sentenced to â€Å"perform in the park for the children of the city† (Gerstein, 2004, p. 25). This story ends with the picture of the World Trade Center which is long gone now. Based on the narratives, this book contains characteristics of a good plot since it includes â€Å"a beginning, a middle, and an end. The beginning should quickly engage the reader’s interest (†¦) established by using characters and a conflict that the reader can relate to and care about. The conflict should grab the attention of the reader and create a desire to find out what happens† (Sawyer, 2012, p. 84). Gerstein’s story definitely encompasses this concept. The main character, Philip Petit is captivating and fascinating. His courage and stubbornness can be detected throughout the story. Sawyer (2012) mentions in his textbook that â€Å"a good author will let the reader know the personality and motivation of the character through the character’s thoughts, words, actions, language, and expressions (†¦) the character may change and grow, but the basic portrayal must remain intact† (p. 78-79). Petit’s character certainly remains consistent throughout the story and provides the reader with the feeling of intensity and even personal closeness to Petit himself, while following his actions closely. Interestingly, this mesmerizing story has a real hidden theme which is the 9/11. Using Petit’s character as the medium, Gerstein addresses the effect of the tragedy happened ten years ago. This enables the story to evoke different emotions in readers and offers the opportunities to tackle different topics depending on the level of understanding and maturity of a child. Art Consideration â€Å"In picture books, the illustrations play a key role in conveying the message of the story† (Sawyer, 2012, p. 93). This can be seen in this book. The story is masterfully illustrated using pen and oil colors. Gerstein’s drawing is dramatic and even reckless. This is especially suitable for this story as the plot itself is full of suspense. As the conflict arises and is reaching its climax, the pacing of sentences decreases and eventually becomes a single sentence in order to draw the attention from the readers to the illustration and to increase the expectancy. In its climax, the text completely disappears and a small, framed close-up of Petits foot on the wire yields to two three-page foldouts of the walk. One captures his progress from above, the other from the perspective of a pedestrian. Even though the text is not placed consistently on the same line, they are simple and short enough to follow and are always synchronized with the pictures. The illustration is mesmerizing in its color which matches to the different mood as the events take place chronologically. â€Å"The final scene depicts transparent, cloud-filled skyscrapers, a man in their midst. With its graceful majesty and mythic overtones, this unique and uplifting book is at once a portrait of a larger-than-life individual and a memorial to the towers and the lives associated with them† (www. amazon. com). Overall analysis After reading this book, I had mixed feelings. First of all, I strongly feel that this targets readers at the age seven and above. The reason is first of all the theme which addresses the 9/11. It is a tricky and difficult topic for children to understand as any tragedy can be. Second reason is the moral of the story. Even though the Caldecott award does not necessarily focuses on the moral or any educational intentions, I did not agree with Petit’s actions. After reading the book, I automatically assumed that the story encouraged the reader to follow any goal they have whether it is ethical or not. The main character even gets away with his rule-breaking action without any punitive consequences. It is clear that his action is an admiration for his profound commitment to his own â€Å"mission† and his willingness not to limit his life according to the constraints set up by society. However, this book not only depicts but even seemingly glorifies deceits and it can be alarming for authoritative figures such as us future teachers. One can argue that it is inspiring to observe someone having such tremendous control of their body and mind with determination. Nonetheless, the way this book comes across can be defiant of authority especially of the police, given that there were many policemen who came to serve alongside the firemen during/after 9/11. Perhaps this book will be a good tool to discuss these issues. In conclusion, despite my disagreement with the moral of the story, I have to give props to the author/illustrator for his skilled and entrancing story and drawings. It is, without doubt, a very interesting story and something that can be conferred in depth. In this regard, I think this book does deserve the Caldecott medal. Although I did not think this book was suitable to read to my children, if used wisely by knowing their level of maturity and understanding, this book can be utilized effectively to help them think for themselves. In his acceptance speech in 2004, Gerstein emphasized this by saying â€Å"children do need adults; I think it’s children that make us become the adults they need. We must give them love and nourishment and books, which, as we know, are part of a healthy diet. My intention in all my books is to give children just what I want to give everyone: something beautiful, magical, funny, and soulful: something that provokes good questions: questions about what an incomprehensible, beautiful and seemingly impossible thing it is to be a human being in this incomprehensible, beautiful and seemingly impossible world. What could be more difficult and more wonderful? † (http://www. mordicaigerstein. com) I hope that he follows through with this philosophy and continues to create children’s book based on this regard.

Vibrational frequencies of water molecule

Vibrational frequencies of water molecule Question 1 Normal modes and vibrational frequencies of water molecule HF/3-21* optimised geometry of the water molecule H bond length 0.967 HOH bond angle 107.7 (ii) Energy of the HF/3-21G optimised water molecule = -75.58596 au Cycle Energy Max. Grad. Max. Dist. 1 75.58553 0.01246 0.00304 2 75.58589 0.00324 0.00025 3 75.58596 0.00001 0.00000 Frequency (cm-1) Relative Motion Stretch or Bend Type Symmetry (S or A) 1799.2 Bend A1 S 3812.2 Stretch A1 S 3945.8 r Stretch B1 A HOD Energy 75.58596 au Geometry Bond angle 107.7 Bond length 0.967 Vibrational frequencies 1578.7 H moves faster than D symmetric 2815.3 D moves quickly whereas H moves slightly asymmetric 3881.7 H moves quickly whereas D moves slightly asymmetric Normal modes and vibrational frequencies of the water dimmer (H2O)2 Hydrogen-Bond Acceptor Hydrogen bond Hydrogen Bond Donor Hydrogen bond length (HO) = 1.808 Hydrogen bond angle (O-HO) = 174.9 Energy of the F/3.12G optimised water dimer = -151.18902 au (a) Potential energy calculation: ΔE = E(dimer) 2xE(H2O) = (-396 871.2KJ/mol) 2x(-198 413.2KJ/mol) = (-396 871.2) (-396 826.3) = 44.9 KJmol-1 (b)As seen from the surface diagram for H2O, the oxygen has negative charge (ÃŽ ´-) whereas the hydrogens are positively charged (ÃŽ ´+). In the water dimer molecule, the hydrogen atoms (on the H-bond donor oxygen) are ÃŽ ´+/blue region. The oxygen atom that is bonded to the hydrogen that is the H-bond acceptor has ÃŽ ´- charge/red region. Between in the H-bond, the positive(H) and negative(O) charges combine/green region. The hydrogen bond is formed between one of the H atoms and one O, instead between the two oxygens, because the two oxygen atoms are negatively charged, and have ÃŽ ´-, and therefore repulsive interactions are formed between them. So, one H reacts with the O, which donates one of its lone pairs to form the H-bond. In the structure of the molecule, the HO bond is almost linear, very close to 180 but it is distorted so it is about 175. Also, the distortion causes the bond HO to become longer. (c) For the water molecule: H bond length = 0.967 For the water dimer: H bond length of H-bond donor = 0.965 H bond length of H-bond acceptor = 0.966, 0.974 (H of H-bond) The H bond length of the hydrogen of the H-bond is bigger than the other O-H bonds in the molecule. This is because this H is bonded to the oxygen through the H-bond, and it is pulled towards the oxygen, causing its bond with the other oxygen to become a bit longer. Question 2 The water dimer consists of two fragments, the H-bond acceptor (top OH2 group) and the H-bond donor (bottom OH2 group). When a vibration causes both fragments and H-bond to move, then it is considered to be the inter-monomer because it is a vibration between the two molecules. If only one of the fragments vibrates, then the vibration is only in one of the molecules (it is internal) and it is considered to be an intra-monomer. The vibrational frequencies of the water dimer are the following: Frequency = 81 cm-1 Type = A Bending Mode Top part of the molecule moving slightly up and down, while the two bottom hydrogens move up and down as well Inter-monomer: The vibration affects both molecules connected through the hydrogen bond. Frequency = 133 Type = A Bending mode Top part and bottom part moving right and left. Inter monomer Frequency = 172 Type = A Bending mode Middle hydrogen moving right and left and two bottom H atoms moving up and down symmetrically (when one is up, other is down) Inter Monomer Frequency = 242 Type = A Stretching Mode Inter monomer Frequency = 425 Type = A Bending Mode The H-bond acceptor fragment moves to the front and then back, and the H-bond donor fragment moves up and down as well. Inter-monomer Frequency = 826 Type = A Bending mode The H of the H-bond (middle H) is moving to the right and left, causing the rest of the molecule to move in that way as well Inter-monomer Frequency = 1782 Type = A Bending Mode The hydrogen atoms on the H-bond donor fragment move up and down to the sides going further away and then coming closer. Intra-monomer Frequency = 1854 Type = A Bending Mode The hydrogen atoms on the H-bond acceptor fragment separate and go further away and then come closer together again. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3724 Type = A Stretching mode The hydrogen forming the H-bond moves closer to the oxygen of the H-bond and then further from it, causing the O-H bond to come smaller and the HO bond to become bigger, and the opposite. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3849 Type = A Stretching mode The hydrogen atoms move symmetrically so that their bonds with the O of the H-bond donor are becoming bigger (stretch out) and then smaller. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3907 Type = A Stretching mode The O-H bond of the H not involved in the H-bond acceptor fragment is stretching out, causing the bond to become longer, while the bond of the oxygen with the other H, which is involved in the H-bond, becomes shorter. Intra-monomer Frequency = 3982 Type = A Stretching mode It is an unsymmetrical movement, where one O-H bond in the H-bond donor fragment becomes shorter and the other longer. Intra-monomer Question 3 Isotopic substitution in the water dimer Free Energy (H-TS) = 37.8 ΔÎâ€" Total = 127.5 Free Energy (H-TS) = 39.7 ΔÎâ€" Total = 126.5 ΔG = G(B) G(A) = 39.7KJmol-1 37.8KJmol-1 = 1.9 KJ/mol K = e(-ΔG/RT) = exp(-1.910-3Jmol-1/8.314JK-1mol-1x298K) = 1.00000077 Deuterium prefers the position shown in B (connected to the oxygen of the H-bond acceptor fragment, but doesnt take part directly in the H-bond) because the molecule has higher free energy for this arrangement. Question 4 Interconversion of water dimer structures Frequency = i302 Type = B1 Frequency = 105 Type = B2 Frequency = 208 Type = A1 Frequency = 225 Type = B1 Frequency = 256 Type = A2 Frequency = 591 Type = B2 Frequency = 1785 Type = A1 Frequency = 1831 Type = A1 Frequency = 3829 Type = A1 Frequency = 3862 Type = A1 Frequency = 3952 Type = B1 Frequency = 3961 Type = B2 Acyclic water dimer Cyclic water dimer The acyclic water molecule energy is 3.96910-5 KJmol-1 whereas the energy of the cyclic one is -. The cyclic molecule is less stable than the acyclic one because its ability to move around is effectively reduced compared to the acyclic one, due to the two bonds formed between the oxygen of one molecule and the two H of the other molecule. The imaginary frequency has the value of i306.9. One of the middle hydrogens moves up while the other moves down, in an unsymmetrical movement as shown in the pictures above. For the acyclic water dimer there are no imaginary frequencies and it corresponds to the valley. This shows that it is very stable and this structure is preferred. The cyclic molecule contains one vibrational frequency and this suggests that it is not as stable as the acyclic one. It corresponds to the hilltop of molecule-mountain. If a molecule has more than one vibrational frequency it corresponds to the mountain passes and it is a very unstable and unfavoured structure for the molecule to be at, which most probably does not exist. The cyclic structure is not very stable, and therefore it is not preferred over the acyclic one. Question 5 Syn-butane: No imaginary frequencies à   Valley à   stable structure, highly favoured Boat cyclohexane: ne imaginary frequency à   Hilltop à   fairly unstable, exists but not preferred All-syn cyclohexane: More than one imaginary frequencies à   Mountain Pass à   does not exist, very unstable

Dramatic Interpretation of Death and the Maidan and They Dance Alone :: Drama

Dramatic interpretation: 'Death and the Maidan' and 'They Dance Alone' RESPONDING The strategies that we have used in Death and Maiden, 1984 and They Dance Alone are cross-cutting, non-verbal means role play and freeze frame. We used cross-cutting in Death and Maiden, non-verbal means in They Dance Alone, role play in 1984 and freeze frames in most of the performances. Cross-cutting is a technique used especially in filmmaking in which shots of two or more separate, usually concurrent scenes are interwoven; it can also be called inter-cutting. We used this technique in the Death and Maiden piece of Drama where we had five different scenes; two past, two futures and one present, and we started the piece in the future then past, then present, then past and finishing on future. This technique was used many times in this performance and resulted into being very effective. It was effective because in our performance we cut in and out of different scenes showing Paullina’s life in the past and in the future, but depending on what was going to happen in the present depended on which future was going to happen. The two different future scenes were two completely different outcomes; one being her talking to a councillor about her week and her past with the doctors. She is still paranoid that people look at her because they do not like her and she panics about the slightest noise or incident which might be taking place, and the other was her getting married to her partner. The future of Paullina would only happen depending on her past, which was her attending an opposition leader’s meeting which resulted in her being found out and the other scene which was Paullina starting in a mental hospital being supervised by medical staff. FUTURE PAST PRESENT PAST FUTURE Nonverbal communication includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements, and patterns of touch and expressive movement. Research suggests that nonverbal communication is more important in understanding human behaviour than words alone - the nonverbal "channels" seem to be more powerful than what people say. Non-verbal means is being other than verbal; not involving words: nonverbal communication this could include involving little use of language: a nonverbal intelligence test. But for our non-verbal means performance we did not use any verbal communication in any of the scenes. Our performance was one scene because making the performance non-verbal decreases the chance of engaging the audience into the scene. We used simple repetitive movements and sounds to engage the audience which was very effective.

Electronic Forms of Expression :: Internet Technology Communication Essays

Electronic Forms of Expression The confusion of new forms of media can be overwhelming. For those of us who grew up with the Internet, it may not be all that difficult to grasp its concepts and to tackle its nuances; but for those who grew up with print, the transition between the two could be exhausting. The concepts in new forms of electronic expression are in their developmental stages—still trying to find a dynamic equilibrium between mimicking print and inventing new ways of performance. Electronic media are trying to take advantage of their unique characteristics, while not proving to be too tedious for the audience to understand. Janet Murray explores the virtual swamp of electronic media conventions in her chapter entitled â€Å"From Additive to Expressive Form,† in Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. Electronic forms of expression are still in a sort of primordial ooze phase, still clinging on to the life forms that previously inhabited the area, but trying desperately to create an evolutionary creature that is nothing like what a tourist in the area may have seen. In this case, the entire world has access to this digital environment. Murray’s claim is that â€Å"digital environments are encyclopedic† (83), or rather that we have the world at our fingertips: Since every form of representation is migrating to electronic form and all the world’s computers are potentially accessible to one another, we can now conceive of a single comprehensive global library of paintings, films, books, newspapers, television programs, and databases, a library that would be accessible from any point on the globe. It is as if the modern version of the great library of Alexandria, which contained all the knowledge about the ancient world, is about to rematerialize in the infinite expanses of cyberspace. (84). The Internet has encyclopedic capabilities that surpass any previous knowledge collecting endeavors. The pages that we move through seem almost infinite, offering different perspectives and intersecting accounts. These qualities lend a feeling of omniscience to the surfer. â€Å"The limitless expanse of gigabytes presents itself to the storyteller as a vast tabula rasa crying out to be filled with all the matter of life† (84). Filling this â€Å"limitless expanse† is not without complication. â€Å"The reality is much more chaotic and fragmented: networked information is often incomplete or misleading, search routines are often unbearably cumbersome and frustrating, and the information we desire often seems to be tantalizingly out of reach† (84).

Capital Punishment And Christianity :: essays research papers

Capital punishment has been stated as ‘murder in its worst form’ barbaric, disgusting, unusual and completely unnecessary. Should Christians really support the death penalty? Many Christians believe that the Bible has spoken to the issue, but others believe that the New Testament ethic of love replaces the Old Testament law. Some early Christian writers who discussed capital punishment were absolutely opposed to it. Christians were instructed to not execute a criminal, to not attend public executions and even to not lay a charge against a person if it might eventually result in their execution. One example is Lactantius (260 to 330 AD) who is primarily known for his books, ‘Introduction to true Religion’ and ‘The Divine Institutes’. He wrote in The Divine Institutes, Book 6, Chapter 20: â€Å"When God forbids us to kill, he not only prohibits the violence that is condemned by public laws, but he also forbids the violence that is deemed lawful by men. Thus it is not lawful for a just man to engage in warfare, since his warfare is justice itself. Nor is it [lawful] to accuse anyone of a capital offence. It makes no difference whether you put a man to death by word, or by the sword. It is the act of putting to death itself which is prohibited. Therefore, regarding this precept of God there should be no exception at all. Rather it is always unlawful to put to death a man, whom God willed to be a sacred creature.† Abolitionists believe that the offender should be required to compensate the victim’s family with the offender’s income from employment or community service. Their thinking is that someone can do more alive than dead. By working, the criminal inadvertently ‘pays back’ society and also the victim and/or the victim’s family. There is no reason for the criminal to receive any compensation for his work. Money is of no value in jail. One of the most well known examples of the criminal contributing to the betterment of society is the case of Leopold and Loeb. Leopold and Loeb were nineteen years old when they committed ‘The Crime of the Century’. In 1924 they kidnapped and murdered a fourteen year old boy just to see what it was like. They were both spared the death penalty and sentenced to life imprisonment. Together, their accomplishments include working at hospitals, teaching ill-iterates to read, creating a correspondence school, making si gnificant developments in the World War II Malaria Project and writing a grammar book.

Toronto Sun

| | | | | | | | INTRODUCTION This preliminary project scope statement defines the scope of The Toronto Sun Caribana Parade Project. The project deals with managing a major sponsorship event for the Toronto sun and its presence in the city’s annual caribana parade, on Aug 2, 2008 at 10:00AM. The main challenge is to make the company’s float a success. The Toronto sun earned its place in the parade as the primary media sponsor for the event. Pulling the company’s float from the biggest event in the city would mean gaining valuable marketing exposure. PRODUCT & PROJECT OBJECTIVESProject objective is to manage Toronto Sun’s involvement at the Caribana Festival before August 2, 2008 (within 40 days) which includes:- * Designing and deployment of a parade float (i. e. Flat Bed Truck, Pieces of Float, and Design) * Hiring of entertainment and production materials. * Recruitment and management of volunteers, truck drivers and entertainers. * Giveaways (i. e. volun teer Kits, Bright Color Designed T-Shirts, Mardi-Gras Necklaces, Sunscreen, water bottles, snack foods containing Granola Bars & Fruit, Whistles and Assorted Candies. Decorating the float with advertising banners and other aesthetic elements of parade day tasks on the day of parade. * Cost not to exceed $400 cash in addition to contra advertisements. * Importance to show Toronto Sun’s presence during the festival as a Major Sponsor providing the return on investment and contribution to overall business of Toronto sun. PRODUCT OR SERVICE REQUIREMENT AND CHARACTERSTICS Product Acceptance Criteria:- Project MUST be completed by Aug 02, 2008 on Parade Day. Cost Constraint which includes a budget of $400 only. Requirement of TRUCK Flat Bed on Aug 01, 2008 before 10:00AM.Safety Waiver Forms for all the participants MUST be signed before 09:30AM on Aug 02, 2008. Driver of Truck should be at the venue at parade day sharp 09:00AM for 8hrs. Sign IN of float by FMC by on parade day. PRO JECT BOUNDARIES * Time Constraint The project has to be completed on and before 10:00AM Aug 02, 2008. * Scope Constraint The project has many deliverables dependent on many stakeholders (internal & external). * Cost Constraint Cost not to be exceeded by $400 cash and contra advertisements only. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS & DELIVERABLES S. No. | DELIVERABLE| REQUIREMENT| | Float| Design & Assembly of Float| 2| Banners| Color & Placement of Banners on Float| 3| Truck Driver| Must be available for minimum 08:00hrs on the day of parade| 4| T-Shirt| Bright Colored T-Shirts with â€Å"Toronto Sun Caribana† written on it. | 5| Waivers| Appropriate Volunteer Waiver Forms for legal department/requirements. | 6| Giveaways| Assorted Candies, Whistles and Necklace (Mardi Gras)| 7| Entertainers| Requirement of Live Band/DJ Radio/Pre-recorded Music| 8| Truck/Tractor/Trailer| Must have a safe and easy access place for keeping giveaways. 9| Volunteer Kits| Snack food including Granola Bars & Fruit , Sunscreen, Water Bottle. | PROJECT ORGANISATION CHART INITIAL DEFINED RISKS Bad Weather Delay in float preparation Driver doesn’t show up Fire on float Flat tire of float Less volunteers show up Delay in banners Less sponsors for contra advertisements Delay in FMC Permission Delay in t-shirts and wrong printing/wrong color used SCHEDULE MILESTONES Volunteer Management Entertainment & Materials Sign In of float by FMC Float design completion INITIAL WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TRACEABILITY MATRIX PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACHThe project manager Samantha Morrison is a senior promotions coordinator at the Toronto Sun. She will be responsible for timely availability of the deliverables within a short span of time. Samantha Morrison has been recently hired as a senior promotions coordinator at the Toronto sun. Larissa Presso will be the authorizing the project and she is the ‘’ voice of the customer’’. Samantha Morrison will be dealing with design departmen t and the human resources department as well as the legal department to make the deliverables available. She will be taking permissions from the fmc representatives to bring in the float.The cost and time constraints are not flexible as the project has to be completed within 56 days and with $400 approved for the budget. The scope is flexible as the size of the float can be varied, the colour and size of the T-shirt, size of the banners and the number of advertisement to be put on the float. The budget for the project is 400$ but Samantha can get materials and services by the means of contra advertisement. The major project deliverables will be: The float, the truck driver, the T-shirts, the volunteer kits. Approved by the Project sponsor: PROJECT SPONSOR DATE: